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根据下述材料，写一篇700字左右的论说文，题目自拟。
有人说，机器人的使命，应该是帮助人类做那些人类做不了的事，而不是代替人类。技术变革会夺取一些人低端繁琐的工作岗位，最终也会创造更高端更人性化的就业机会。例如，历史上铁路的出现抢去了很多挑夫的工作，但又增加了千百万的铁路工人。人工智能也是一种技术变革，人工智能也将促进人类社会的发展。有人则不以为然。
形式划分：观点辨析类—一个观点型。
划分依据：对人工智能能不能促进人类社会发展持相反的态度。
内容划分：社会治理类。
划分依据：材料强调了人类社会的发展，人工智能是一种科学技术，因此就属于社会治理类材料。
审题：
1.有人说……有人则不以为然。这告诉我们这个材料就是一个观点辨析类材料。
2第二个人对第一个人反驳，因此属于单一观点型。
3.对于题干出现了三个核心关键词：
①机器人；②技术变革；③人工智能。
复习英语(二)以MBA联考英语真题为主
大纲出来之前同学们的心情可能是忐忑不定，总觉得大纲会有很大的变化，但实际上一出来其实跟没有变化是一样的，如果说有变化也是对于大家比较有利的变化，删除了一些题型，所以，我们的难度，还有一些工作量就减少了，而至于增加的词汇大多数也都是已经认识到的。所以，我们的备考方向可以完全按照大纲出来之前的备考方向，以及你之前的一些目标持续的去做就可以了，也可以印证了老师一贯的教学方法也是比较正确的。
英语(二)对所有的考生都是一个新生的事物，但是今天拿到大纲样题发现考英语(二)的`大纲样题所有的题型中发现大多数都跟以往的MBA联考的真题是重合的，比如我们大纲样题当中完形填空就是MBA联考的真题，阅读一共四篇文章，其中有三篇全部都是历年MBA联考英语真题。第一篇文章是20第一篇文章，第三篇文章是第三篇文章，第四篇文章是第一篇文章。包括大作文也是一样的，完全是20MBA联考英语的真题，所以，对于考英语(二)的同学而言，之前总觉得没有任何复习的材料，其实这个样题也告诉我们，我们考英语(二)的同学复习的主要材料是MBA英语，而并非是英语(一)。所以，MBA联考英语真题为主，英语(一)的真题为辅这样的一种复习策略。
托福阅读文本：
Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part,by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.
One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.
While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.
托福阅读题目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century
(B) The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal
(C) Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century
(D) Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century
2. The word ”bias“ in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) diagonal
(B) slope
(C) distortion
(D) prejudice
3. The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in rural areas
(A) were suspicious of their neighbors
(B) were very proud of their lifestyle
(C) believed city government had too much power
(D) wanted to move to the cities
4. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to
(A) participate in the urban reform movement
(B) seek financial security
(C) comply with a government ordinance
(D) avoid crime and corruption
5. The word ”embraced“ in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) suggested
(B) overestimated
(C) demanded
(D) welcomed
6. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?
(A) They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.
(B) They believed private ownership would slow economic growth
(C) They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations.
(D) They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.
7. The word ”exorbitant“ in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) additional
(B) expensive
(C) various
(D) modified
of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT
(A) local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies
(B) some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments
(C) the availability of services was regulated by local government
(D) private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments
9. The word ”Proponents“ in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) Experts
(B) Pioneers
(C) Reviewers
(D) Supporters
10. Why does the author mention ”industrialization“ (line 24)?
(A) To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities
(B) To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas
(C) To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem
(D) To illustrate the need for construction of new factories
托福阅读答案：
CDBBDABDDA
研究显示，一般人随着年龄的增长，用于运动锻炼的时间逐渐减少，而用于看电视的时间逐渐增多。在今后的中，城市人口中，老年人的比例将有明显的增长。因此，本公司应当及时地售出足量的“达达运动鞋”中的股份，并增加在“全球电视”中的投资。
对上述论证进行评论。
变可能为现实的条件
如果上述商业计划中提及的研究结论是确切的。那么，售出足量的“达达运动鞋”中的股份，并增加在“全球电视”中的投资，有可能带来该计划所期待的投资效益。但是，要使这部可能性成为现实性，成为正确的投资决策的可靠依据，有许多条件和假设还需要证明。
第一，需要证明;目前的研究结论，即“一般人随着年龄的增长，用于运动锻炼的时间逐渐减少，而用于看电视的时间逐渐增多”，在今后不会有大的变化。这点并不是当然成立的。大多的证据可以说明，过去的结论，现在发生变化，将来更可能变得由面目全非。一种完全可能的趋势是，随着保健理念的变化，老年人意识到每天保持一定运动量的重要，同时也意识到长时间看电视对健康的损害。如果这样，上述计划所提出的就是一项缺乏根据的错误决策。
第二，上述论征中包括这样一个假设：老年人运动时间的减少，导致老年人对运动鞋需求量明显减少。这个假设同样是成问题的。就某一个老年人而言，运动时间减少可能导致更换运动鞋的次数减少;但就老年人群体而言，可能因参加运动的人数增加导致对运动鞋需求量增加。因此，由老年人运动时间的减少，推不出老年人对运动鞋的需求量明显减少的结论，更推不出社会对运动鞋的需求量明显减少的结论。同样，老年人看电视时间的增多，也不能成为解释社会对电视机的需求量明显增加的理由。
第三，老年人运动时间、运动鞋销售、运动鞋公司的利润，这些变量之间并不存在必然的因果关系。即便是“未来因老年人运动时间减少，看电视时间增多，运动鞋需求量将明显减少，电视机需求量将明显增加”这一结论是正确的，也无法证明售出运动鞋公司的股份，增加电视公司投资的决策是正确的。一个行业产品需求减少，并不意味着对该行某个公司的投资回报一定低，一个行业产品需求增加，投资该行业的某个公司也未必有较高的回报。
总之，上述论证，要成为正确的投资决策的可靠依据，还有许多条件和假设需要证明。
所以说找个专业的批改老师才是最正确的做法。我是在某猫买了一个写作批改班，价格实惠，比那些很有名气课便宜很多，主要冲着1对1批改去的，没想到还赠送了写作课程和资料，挺划算的感觉。
当然练习是最重要的，毕竟老师教的始终都是老师自己的，你得自己练习，学以致用才可以。另外专业的批改真的很有必要，否则真的很难知道自己的水平，也不知道该往哪个方向改善。
老师的联系方式也送给大家，有这方面需要的话可以自己找老师了解下：
我这里简单和大家分享下我自己整理总结的关于写作的一些小技巧干货吧，拿出小本本出来记笔记啦~
漫漫的长路灯光闪闪，每个人都提着一盏诚信的灯走在坎坷的人生长路上。诚信的灯忽隐忽亮宛如天上的明星眨着那天真无邪的大眼睛，对我们诉说着点点真诚。
我和小云约好一起去游玩，我们信誓旦旦：“无论风雨，都会如约前行。”当晚刮起了大风，而早晨却又下起了倾盆大雨，在睡梦中一点点诚信的光催促着我，好像在说：“快起，快起，小云正等着你呢!”我一下子滚了起来，我看了看窗外，雨下得正大，两个小精灵跳了出来，一个说：“别去了，雨这么大，她也不一定会来。”另一个说：“跟别人约好的就要遵守。”我不顾他们的争吵，抓起伞就往外面冲，终于到了车站，我看了看表：幸好没有迟到。雨越来越大，我左等又等却始终不见小云的到来，而此时我那可怜的肚子正因没有吃早饭而“咕咕”的抗议。时间一分一秒的过去，车也过去了不知多少辆，心中抱着的希望也一点点消失，这时，从车上跳下来一个小男孩，用书挡着头，我把伞轻轻的移了过去，他抬头看了看我用一种欢快的声音说:“谢谢，姐姐你也在等人么”。我点了点头，车过了一辆又一辆，我劝告那个小男孩说：“小弟弟，别等了，雨这么大，他不会来了。”他没有说什么，但眼中的光彩，也逐渐消失。忽然小男孩眼中又闪出了光彩，这时，从车上冲下来一个小男孩，小弟弟冲出了雨伞和那个小男孩紧紧拥抱后，手拉着手，唱着欢快的歌走了。又剩我独自等候好友，最后不知是该吃午饭了，还是希望消磨完了，我独自打着伞回到了家，刚到家，铃~铃~的响了起来，我抓起电话，那边传来生气的口吻：“给你打了十几个电话，你也没接。”然后向我解释为什么没来，多半是因为雨太大了具体谈话内容我不记得了，只记得她说完后，我静静地把话筒放了回去，之后我眼前出现了刚才的情景为什么我们不能像约定的那样：无论风雨都会如约前行。
诚信犹如一盏明灯，当你提着它时，你的人生道路就会变得平坦，广阔;当你抛弃它时，你的人生路将会变得狭小，凹凸不平。诚信的人总会受到上天的眷恋的。
英语四级考试真题及答案
art I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a foreign friend who wants to teach English in China. Please recommend a city to him. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
________________________________________________________________________
Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A News Report
Directions： In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.
1. A) Many facilities were destroyed by a wandering cow.
B) A wandering cow knocked down one of its fences.
C) Some tourists were injured by a wandering cow.
D) A wandering cow was captured by the police.
2. A) It was shot to death by a police officer.
B) It found its way back to the park's zoo.
C) It became a great attraction for tourists.
D) It was sent to the animal control department.
Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.
3. A) It is the largest of its kind.
B) It is going to be expanded.
C) It is displaying more fossil specimens.
D) It is staring an online exhibition.
4. A) A collection of bird fossils from Australia.
B) Photographs of certain rare fossil exhibits.
C) Some ancient wall paintings from Australia.
D) Pictures by winners of a wildlife photo contest.
Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.
5. A) Pick up trash.
B) Amuse visitors.
C) Deliver messages.
D) Play with children.
6. A) They are especially intelligent.
B) They are children's favorite.
C) They are quite easy to tame.
D) They are clean and pretty.
7. A) Children may be harmed by the rooks.
B) Children may be tempted to drop litter.
C) Children may contract bird diseases.
D) Children may overfeed the rooks.
Section B Conversation
Directions： In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversations you will hear four questions. Both the conversations and the question-s will be spoken only once. After you hear a question. You must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
8. A) It will be produced at Harvard University.
B) It will be hosted by famous professors.
C) It will cover different areas of science.
D) It will focus on recent scientific discoveries.
9. A)It will be more futuristic.
B) It will be more systematic.
C) It will be more entertaining.
D) It will be easier to understand.
10. A) People interested in science.
B) Youngsters eager to explore.
C) Children in their early teens.
D) Students majoring in science.
11. A) Offer professional advice.
B) Provide financial support.
C) Help promote it on the Internet.
D) Make episodes for its first season.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
12. A) Unsure.
B) Helpless.
C) Concerned.
D) Dissatisfied.
13. A) He is too concerned with being perfect.
B) He loses heart when faced with setbacks.
C) He is too ambitious in achieving goals.
D) He takes on projects beyond his ability.
14. A) Embarrassed.
B) Unconcerned.
C) Miserable.
D) Resentful.
15. A) Try to be optimistic whatever happens.
B) Compare his present with his past only.
C) Always learn from others' achievements.
D) Treat others the way he would be treated.
Section C Passage
Directions： In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) They have a stronger sense of social responsibility.
B) They are more likely to succeed in the humanities.
C) They are more likely to become engineers.
D) They have greater potential to be leaders.
17. A) Praise girls who like to speak up frequently.
B) Encourage girls to solve problems on their own.
c) Insist that boys and girls work together more.
D) Respond more positively to boys' comments.
18. A) Offer personalized teaching materials.
B) Provide a variety of optional courses.
C) Place great emphasis on test scores.
D) Pay extra attention to top students.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19. A) It often rains cats and dogs.
B) It seldom rains in summer time.
C) It does not rain as much as people think.
D) It is one of the most rainy cities in the US.
20. A) They drive most of the time.
B) The rain is usually very light.
C) They have got used to the rain.
D) The rain comes mostly at night.
21. A) It has a lot of places for entertainment.
B) It has never seen thunder and lighting.
C) It has fewer cloudy days than any other coastal city.
D) It has mild weather both in summer and in winter.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22. A) It occurs when people are doing a repetitive activity.
B) It results from exerting one's muscles continuously.
C) It happens when people engage in an uncommon activity.
D) It comes from staining one's muscles in an unusual way.
23. A) Blood flow and body heat increase in the affected area.
B) Body movements in the affected area become difficult.
C) They begin to make repairs immediately.
D) They gradually become fragmented.
24. A) About one week.
B) About two days.
C) About ten days.
D) About four weeks.
25. A) Apply muscle creams.
B) Drink plenty of water.
C) Have a hot shower.
D) Take pain-killers.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
When travelling overseas, do you buy water in plastic bottles or take your chances with tap water? Imagine you are wandering about on a Thai island or __26__ the ruins of Angkor. It's hot so you grab a bottle of water from a local vendor. It's the safe thing to do, right? The bottle is __27__ , and the label says ”pure water“. But maybe what's inside is not so __28__ . Would you still be drinking it if you knew that more than 90 percent of all bottled water sold around the world __29__ microplastics?
That's the conclusion of a recently __30__ study, which analysed 259 bottles from 11 brands sold in nine countries, __31__ an average of 325 plastic particles per litre of water. These microplastics included a __32__ commonly known as PET and widely used in the manufacture of clothing and food and __33__ containers. The study was conducted at the State University of New York on behalf of Orb Media, a journalism organisation. About a million bottles are bought every minute, not only by thirsty tourists but also by many of the billion worldwide who live with unsafe drinking water.
Confronted with this __34__ , several bottled-water manufacturers including Nestle and Coca-Cola undertook their own studies using the same methodology. These studies showed that their water did contain microplastics, but far less than the Orb study suggested. Regardless, the World Health Organisation has launched a review into the __35__ health risks of drinking water from plastic bottles.
A) adequate
B) admiring
C) contains
D) defending
E) evidence
F) instant
G) liquid
H) modified
I) natural
J) potential
K) released
L) revealing
M) sealed
N) solves
O) substance
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Make Stuff, Fail, And Learn While You're At It
A) We've always been a hands-on, do it-yourself kind of nation. Ben Franklin, one of America's founding fathers, didn't just invent the lightning rod. His creations include glasses, innovative stoves and more.
B) Franklin, who was largely self-taught, may have been a genius, but he wasn't really an exception when it comes to American making and creativity.
C) The personal computing revolution and philosophy of disruptive innovation of Silicon Valley grew, in part, out of the creations of the Homebrew Computer Club, which was founded in a garage in Menlo Park, California, in the mid-1970s. Members-including guys named Jobs and Wozniak-started making and inventing things they couldn't buy.
D) So it's no surprise that the Maker Movement today is thriving in communities and some schools across America. Making is available to ordinary people who aren't tied to big companies, big defense labs or research universities. The maker philosophy echoes old ideas advocated by John Dewey, Montessori, and even ancient Greek philosophers, as we pointed out recently.
E) These maker spaces are often outside of classrooms, and are serving an important educational function. The Maker Movement is rediscovering learning by doing, which is Dewey's phrase from 100 years ago. We are rediscovering Dewey and Montessori and a lot of the practices that they pioneered that have been forgotten or at least put aside. A maker space is a place which can be in a school, but it doesn't look like a classroom. It can be in a library. It can be out in the community. It has tools and materials. It's a place where you get to make things based on your interest and on what you, re learning to do.
F) Ideas about learning by doing have struggled to become mainstream educationally, despite being old concepts from Dewey and Montessori, Plato and Aristotle, and in the American context, Ralph Emerson, on the value of experience and self-reliance. It's not necessarily an efficient way to learn. We learn, in a sense, by trial and error. Learning from experience is something that takes time and patience. It's very individualized. If your goal is to have standardized approaches to learning, where everybody learns the same thing at the same time in the same way, then learning by doing doesn't really fit that mold anymore. It's not the world of textbooks. It's not the world of testing.
G) Learning by doing may not be efficient, but it is effective. Project-based learning has grown in popularity with teachers and administrators. However, project-based learning is not making. Although there is a connection, there is also a distinction. The difference lies in whether the project is in a sense defined and developed by the student or whether it's assigned by a teacher. We'll all get the kids to build a small boat. We are all going to learn about X, Y, and Z. That tends to be one form of project- based learning.
H) I really believe the core idea of making is to have an idea within your head—or you just borrow it from someone—and begin to develop it, repeat it and improve it. Then, realize that idea somehow. That thing that you make is valuable to you and you can share it with others. I'm interested in how these things are expressions of that person, their ideas, and their interactions with the world.
I) In some ways, a lot of forms of making in school trivialize （使变得无足轻重） making. The thing that you make has no value to you. Once you are done demonstrating whatever concept was in the; textbook, you throw away the pipe cleaners, the straws, the cardboard tubes.
J) Making should be student-directed and student-led, otherwise it's boring. It doesn't have the motivation of the student. I'm not saying that students should not learn concepts or not learn skills. They do. But to really harness their motivation is to build upon their interest. It's to let them be in control and to drive the car.
K) Teachers should aim to build a supportive, creative environment for students to do this work. A very social environment, where they are learning from each other. When they have a problem, it isn't the teacher necessarily coming in to solve it. They are responsible for working through that problem. It might be they have to talk to other students in the class to help get an answer.
L) The teacher's role is more of a coach or observer. Sometimes, to people, it sounds like this is a diminished role for teachers. I think it's a heightened role. You're creating this environment, like a maker space. You have 20 kids doing different things. You are watching them and really it's the human behaviors you're looking at. Are they engaged? Are they developing and repeating their project? Are they stumbling （受挫）？ Do they need something that they don't have? Can you help them be aware of where they are?
M) My belief is that the goal of making is not to get every kid to be hands-on, but it enables us to be good learners. It's not the knowledge that is valuable; it's the practice of learning new things and understanding how things work. These are processes that you are developing so that you are able, over time, to tackle more interesting problems, more challenging problems-problems that require many people instead of one person, and many skills instead of one.
N) If teachers keep it form-free and student-led, it can still be tied to a curriculum and an educational plan. I think a maker space is more like a library in that there are multiple subjects and multiple things that you can learn. What seems to be missing in school is how these subjects integrate, how they fit t together in any meaningful way. Rather than saying, ”This is science, over here is history,“ I see schools taking this idea of projects and looking at: How do they support children in higher level learning?
O) I feel like this is a shift away from a subject matter-based curriculum to a more experiential curriculum or learning. It's still in its early stages, but I think it's shifting around not what kids learn but how they learn.
maker space is where people make things according to their personal interests.
teachers, role is enhanced in a maker space as they have to monitor and facilitate during the process.
up with an idea of one's own or improving one from others is key to the concept of making.
to structured learning, learning by doing is highly individualized.
is a nation known for the idea of making things by oneself.
will be boring unless students are able to take charge.
can be related to a project, but it is created and carried out by students themselves.
author suggests incorporating the idea of a maker space into a school curriculum.
maker concept is a modern version of some ancient philosophical ideas.
is not taken seriously in school when students are asked to make something meaningless to them based on textbooks.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time，you should listen carefully for its general the passage is read for the second time，you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally，when the passage is read for the third time，you should check what you have written.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia Tech's online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel already had eight teaching assistants, but that wasn't enough to deal with the overwhelming number of daily questions from students.
Many students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this situation and his solution was to create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on the IBM Watson platform.
Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson before releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn't too great. But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all the 40,000 questions that had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the questions and answers. After some adjustments and sufficient time, Jill was able to answer the students' questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the students didn't know she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldn't tell it apart from a real human being. Goel didn't inform them about Jill's true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the experience.
The goal of Professor Goel's virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name Jill Watson will, of course, change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much rosier outlook on the future of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.
46. What do we lear about Knowledge-Based Arificial Itelligence?
A) It is a robot that can answer students' questions.
B) It is a course designed for students to leamn online.
C) It is a high-tech device that revolutionizes teaching.
D) It is a computer program that aids student leaming.
47. What problem did Professor Goel meet with?
A) His students were unsatisfied with the assistants.
B) His course was too difficult for the students.
C) Students' questions were too many to handle.
D) Too many students dropped out of his course.
48. What do we lear about Jill Watson?
A) She turned out to be a great sucess.
B) She got along pretty well with students.
C) She was unwelcome to students at first.
D) She was released online as an experiment.
49. How did the students feel about Jill Watson?
A) They thought she was a bit too artificial.
B) They found her not as capable as expected.
C) They could not but admire her knowledge.
D) They could not tell her from a real person.
50. What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?
A) Launch different versions of her online.
B) Feed her with new questions and answers.
C) Assign her to answer more of students' questions.
D) Encourage students to interact with her more freely.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Thinking small, being engaging, and having a sense of humor don't hurt. Those are a few of the traits of successful science crowdfunding efforts that emerge from a recent study that examined nearly 400 campaigns. But having a large network and some promotional skills may be more crucial.
Crowdfunding, raising money for a project through online appeals, has taken off in recent years for everything from making movies to producing water-saving gadgets. Scientists have tried to tap Internet donors, too, with mixed success. Some raised more than twice their goals, but others have fallen short of reaching even modest targets.
To determine what separates science crowdfunding triumphs from failures, a team led by science communications scholar Mike Sch?fer of the University of Zurich examined the content of the webpages for 371 recent campaigns.
Four traits stood out for those that achieved their goals, the researchers report in Public Understanding of Science. For one, they use a crowdfunding platform that specializes in raising money for science, and not just any kind of project. Although sites like Kickstarter take all comers, platforms such as and only present scientific projects. For another, they present the project with a funny video because good visuals and a sense of humor improved success. Most of them engage with potential donors, since projects that answered questions from interested donors fared better. And they target a small amount of money. The projects included in the study raised $4,000 on average, with 30% receiving less than $1,000. The more money a project sought, the lower the chance it reached its goal, the researchers found.
Other factors may also significantly influence a project's success, most notably, the size of a scientist's personal and professional networks, and how much a researcher promotes a project on their own. Those two factors are by far more critical than the content on the page. Crowdfunding can be part of researchers' efforts to reach the public, and people give because ”they feel a connection to the person“ who is doing the fundraising—not necessarily to the science.
51. What do we learn about the scientists trying to raise money online for their projects?
A) They did not raise much due to modest targets.
B) They made use of mixed fundraising strategies.
C) Not all of them achieved their anticipated goals.
D) Most of them put movies online for the purpose.
52. What is the purpose of Mike Schafer' s research of recent crowdfunding campaigns?
A) To create atractive content for science websites.
B) To identify reasons for their different outcomes.
C) To help scientists to launch innovative projects.
D) To separate science projects from general ones.
53. What trait contributes to the success of a crowdfiunding campaign?
A) The potential benefit to future generations.
B) Its interaction with prospective donors.
C) Its originality in addressing financial issues.
D) The value of the proposed project.
54. What did the researchers think of the financial targets of crowdfunding projects?
A) They should be small to be sucessful.
B) They should be based on actual needs.
C) They should be assed with great care.
D) They should be ambitious to gain notice.
55. What motivates people to donate in a crowdfunding campaign?
A) The ease of access to the content of the webpage.
B) Their desire to contribute to the cause of science.
C) The significance and influence of the project itself.
D) Their feeling of connection to the scientists themselves.
Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国家庭十分重视孩子的教育。许多父母认为应该努力工作，确保孩子受到良好教育。他们不仅非常情愿为孩子的教育投资，而且花很多时间督促他们学习。多数家长希望孩子能上名牌大学。由于改革开放，越来越多的家长能送孩子到国外学习或参与国际交流项目，以拓宽其视野。通过这些努力，他们期望孩子健康成长，为国家的发展和繁荣作出贡献。
Part Ⅰ Writing
Hi Mark,
I'm so glad that you have made up your mind to teach English in China. Before you make a decision about your precise destination, let me introduce my hometown, Chongqing.
Located in southwest China, Chongqing may not enjoy worldwide fame as much as Beijing or Shanghai, but it is a thriving metropolis with lower cost of living. Working and living here, you can achieve your career goals without feeling too much stress. The locals are known for being warm and hospitable, and you can teach in a way that feels good for you. To be sure, teaching a foreign language in a city where residents speak a dialect all the time can be very challenging. It takes time indeed to correct pronunciation mistakes each student makes. But since you are always praised for your kindness and patience, it should hardly be an obstacle for you.
Anyway, I will support and help you as much as possible, whichever city you go to. I believe living and teaching in China will be a pleasant and memorable experience for you.
Best wishes,
Li Ming
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
1. D
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. A
11. B
12. D
13. A
14. C
15. B
16. C
17. D
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. D
22. D
23. A
24. B
25. C
Part III Reading Comprehension
26-35：BMICK LOGEJ
36-45：EICGK FBJDH
46-55：BCADC CBBAD
Part IV Translation
Chinese families attach great importance to their children's education. Many parents hold that they should work hard to ensure their children's access to good education. Not only are they perfectly willing to invest in their children's education, but they also spend much time urging them to study. Most parents expect their children to get admitted to elite universities. Owing to China s reform and opening-up, an increasing number of parents can send their children to study abroad or participate in international exchange programs to broaden their horizons. Through these efforts, they expect their children grow up strong and healthy and make a contribution to the nation's development and prosperity.
高考作文真题汇总
20高考语文试卷作文题共11道，其中5道由教育部考试中心命制，天津、上海、江苏、浙江等省市各命制1道，北京命制2道。试题以材料作文为主，命题把握时代脉搏，紧贴时代精神，落实立德树人根本任务，加强应用写作能力考查，引导当代青年坚定理想信念、厚植家国情怀、拓宽国际视野、培养奋斗精神。
全国Ⅰ卷
阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。
春秋时期，齐国的公子纠与公子小白争夺君位，管仲和鲍叔分别辅佐他们。管仲带兵阻击小白，用箭射中他的衣带钩，小白装死逃脱。后来小白即位为君，史称齐桓公。鲍叔对桓公说，要想成就霸王之业，非管仲不可。于是桓公重用管仲，鲍叔甘居其下，终成一代霸业。后人称颂齐桓公九合诸侯、一匡天下，为“春秋五霸”之首。孔子说：“桓公九合诸侯，不以兵车，管仲之力也。”司马迁说：“天下不多（称赞）管仲之贤而多鲍叔能知人也。”
班级计划举行读书会，围绕上述材料展开讨论。齐桓公、管仲和鲍叔三人，你对哪个感触最深？请结合你的感受和思考写一篇发言稿。
要求：结合材料，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题；不要套作，不得抄袭；不得泄露个人信息；不少于800字。
全国Ⅱ卷
墨子说：“视人之国，若视其国；视人之家，若视其家；视人之身，若视其身。”英国诗人约翰多恩说：“没有人是自成一体、与世隔绝的孤岛，每一个人都是广袤大陆的一部分。”
“青山一道同云雨，明月何曾是两乡。”“同气连枝，共盼春来。”……年的春天，这些寄言印在国际社会援助中国的物资上，表达了世界人民对中国的支持。
“山和山不相遇，人和人要相逢。”“消失吧，黑夜！黎明时我们将获胜！”……这些话语印在中国援助其他国家的物资上，寄托着中国人民对世界的祝福。
“世界青年与社会发展论坛”邀请你作为中国青年代表参会，发表以“携手同一世界，青年共创未来”为主题的中文演讲。请完成一篇演讲稿。
要求：结合材料内容及含意完成写作任务；选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题；不要套作，不得抄袭；不得泄露个人信息；不少于800字。
全国III卷
人们用眼睛看他人、看世界，却无法直接看到完整的.自己。所以，在人生的旅程中，我们需要寻找各种“镜子”、不断绘制“自画像”来审视自我，尝试回答“我是怎样的人”“我想过怎样的生活”“我能做些什么”“如何生活得更有意义”等重要的问题。
毕业前，学校请你给即将入学的高一新生写一封信，主题是“如何为自己画好像”，与他们分享自己的感悟与思考。
要求：结合材料，选好角度，确定立意，自拟标题；不要套作，不得抄袭；不得泄露个人信息；不少于800字。
全国新高考Ⅰ卷
面对突发的新冠肺炎疫情，国家坚持人民至上、生命至上，果断采取防控措施，全国人民紧急行动。
In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.
Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a ”lug pole“ from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.
Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of ”oven wood,“ consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.
Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron ”bake kettle,“ which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid.
1. Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial North America does the passage
mainly discuss?
(A) methods of baking bread
(B) fireplace cooking
(C) the use of iron kettles in a typical kitchen
(D) the types of wood used in preparing meals
2. The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate
(A) how the materials used were similar to the materials used in northeastern fireplaces
(B) that they served diverse functions
(C) that they were usually larger than northeastern fireplaces
(D) how they were safer than northeastern fireplaces
3. The word ”scorched“ in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned
(B) cut
(C) enlarged
(D) bent
4. The word ”it“ in line 6 refers to
(A) the stonework
(B) the fireplace opening
(C) the mantel tree
(D) the rising column of heat
to the passage , how was food usually cooked in a pot in the seventeenth century?
(A) By placing the pot directly into the fire
(B) By putting the pot in the oven
(C) By filling the pot with hot water
(D) By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire
6. The word ”obtain“ in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) maintain
(B) reinforce
(C) manufacture
(D) acquire
7. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a wooden lug
pole?
(A) It was made of wood not readily available.
(B) It was difficult to move or rotate.
(C) It occasionally broke.
(D) It became too hot to touch.
8. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, ”oven wood“ produced
(A) less smoke
(B) more heat
(C) fewer embers
(D) lower flames
to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonial oven EXCEPT:
(A) It was used to heat the kitchen every day.
(B) It was built as part of the main fireplace.
(C) The smoke it generated went out through the main chimney.
(D) It was heated with maple sticks.
to the passage , which of the following was an advantage of a ”bake kettle_?
(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.
(B) It did not need to be tightly closed.
(C) It could be used in addition to or instead of the oven.
(D) It could be used to cook several foods at one time.
BCACD DCBAAB
人，在于不断的优化
鸟类会飞是因为它们在进化中不断优化了其身体结构，人亦如此，人也需要不断的优化。
个人的成长在于不断的优化。个人的成长是一个从量变到质变的过程。个人成长在优化的过程中推动个人系统机体不断适应环境, 并与环境形成良性互动。个体行为和思想通过优化，让个体不断完善和成熟, 从而形成正确的价值观、正确的行动方向和高效的行动方案。最终，个体在优化过程中实现人生的蜕变。华杰专硕
鸟类的躯干进化成了适合飞行的流线型；鸟类增强了翅膀、胸肌部位的功能，又改进了呼吸系统；鸟类在进化过程中舍弃了那些沉重的效率低的身体部位。正是因为鸟类适应环境，有效进化；把握关键，强化重点；提升效率，做好取舍才能够翱翔于天空。
优化的本质是追求高效追求优质。人们不能有效的优化，根本原因，还在于一是没有优化的意识；二是不知优化的方法。社会浮躁让人不能实现个体有效的优化。社会浮躁心态是一些人在追逐利益时, 所呈现出的某种盲目性、非理智性的反映。这种急功近利，唯利是图，让人们无法适应环境，实现自我完善；无法把握关键，做好取舍，让人失去了优化的意识。当人们缺少优化的方法时，人们便失去了自我优化的行动方向和实施路径，由此个体陷入茫然失措的境遇之中。
有效的优化，需要个体做好自我审查和自我校准。一方面，需要审查个体的价值观和态度，培育自我优化的意识；一方面，寻求榜样力量，“见贤思齐，见不贤内自省”，学习自我优化方法。另外，明确自我优化的方向和方案，还要做到从计划开始就贯彻优化，好的计划是成功的一半，由计划延伸到行为，由行为延伸到优化的结果。这样的优化是整体的优化，是联动的优化，是高层次的优化，是体系的优化，这种优化是个体优化的升级。（华杰专硕）
我们每个人都不希望自己成为劣质的人，知耻而后勇才是出路。优化就是摆脱劣质，优化就是与低效说再见。
有失偏颇的论证
材料通过一系列论证，试图得出“默默无闻、无私奉献无法成为社会的道德精神”的结论，然而存在诸多逻辑漏洞，现分析如下：
首先，一种德行要成为社会的道德精神，未必只能借助大众媒体的传播。因为大众媒体传播只是其中一种方式，还有父母与长辈的言传身教、学校教育等形式来传播德行。而由于人们从小就受到这些方式的熏陶，受影响更深，所以人们也会形成自觉意识，从而成为社会的道德精神。
其次，默默无闻、无私奉献的行为特点是不事张扬，不为人知，并不能说明得不到传播。因为虽然默默无闻和无私奉献的行为，可能得不到大众媒体广泛地传播，但是依然可能会对被帮助者产生影响，使其也加入到无私奉献的行列中来，那么这种精神就会得到传承，也就可以成为社会的道德精神。
再次，默默无闻、无私奉献的善举为更多人所了解，未必能说明就不存在默默无闻。因为默默无闻和无私奉献是指行为人在帮助他人时主观上是否寻求回报，而被更多人所了解是指事后的结果，这并不一定符合行为人主观意愿。所以，行为与事后结果之间并不具备相关性，那么默默无闻并非就无从谈起。
最后，默默无闻的善举会带来回报并不意味着就不是无私奉献。因为很多人在帮助他人的时候，想到的并不是事后能否带来回报才决定是否帮助他人，而是单纯地想着帮助他人解决困难而已，而事后的回报可能会出乎当事人的所想。而且，善举可能得到的是恶意的揣测与诋毁，未必是肯定与赞赏。
综上所述，要想得到“默默无闻、无私奉献不能成为社会的道德精神”的结论，还需提供更充分的论据。
默默无闻、无私奉献虽然是人们尊崇的德行，但这种德行其实不可能成为社会的道德精神。
一种德行必须借助大众媒体的传播，让大家受其感染，并化为自觉意识，然后才能成为社会的道德精神。但是默默无闻、无私奉献的精神所赖以存在的行为特点是不事张扬、不为人知。既然如此，它就得不到传播，也就不可能成为社会的道德精神。
退一步讲，默默无闻、无私奉献的善举经媒体大力宣传后成为更多的人所了解，这就从根本上使这一善举失去了默默无闻的特性。既然如此，这一命题就无从谈起了。
再者，默默无闻的善举一旦被媒体大力宣传，当事人必然会受到社会的肯定与赞赏。而这就是社会对他的回报。既然他从社会得到回报，怎么可以说是无私奉献呢？
由此可见，默默无闻、无私奉献的德行注定不可能成为社会的道德精神。
今年刚考过的论证有效性分析，题目难度相对来说比较中等：
既没有2002年的题王那样难度较高，导致很多同学无从下笔，
也没有出现一些经典的逻辑错误。
此类问题是2019年、2020年及2021年这三年考察的主流，
这也意味着对形式逻辑的考察提出了更高的要求。
这一道题的核心论点相对来说比较简单，也就是：
默默无闻、无私奉献的德行，可能成为社会的道德精神。
由此提干在展开论证的过程中展开了相关的论据支持，但这些论据和论点之间尽管有关联，均不能构成支持论点成立的有力论据。
管综考试难度解析
刚刚结束的201x年12月27号上午的管综考试，让众多的考生心塞了，有出考场流泪的，有下午英语弃考的，总而言之，考完管综之后整个人都不好了。但是老师还是希望大家要淡定一些，今年的数学题目客观来说比201x年1月份的题目难度增加了，但是有限，并不是大幅度的提高到大家不能处理，但是最大的影响力，在于开考十分钟让很多考生的节奏都乱了，致使在有限时间里发挥的不理想。
具体有这样两种处理试卷的方式：一、部分考生坚强的用足了时间拿下数学，甚至花到一个半小时，但就算是一个半小时，在做的过程中也是哆哆嗦嗦，更别提在时间极度压缩到四十分钟或更少的半小时的时候，很多考生已经感受不到逻辑题目的难易，所以最终导致了逻辑蒙10个，作文没写完，就在慌乱中结束了考试;二、部分考生上来三题轻松列式，计算不出*，心跳飙到200，有的能冷静下来跳题挑简单的缓解情绪，有些就死耗在求解上，致使解完前15题就花了40多分钟，因此后面条件充分*判断错了一堆，匆忙一小时结束，进入逻辑和写作，仓促完成，但是准确率很低。
大体这两种考生就在虚脱中结束了上午的考试。计算确实是一个能够恶心到大家的问题，因为越急越算不出来，越算不出来越急，所以时间就hold不住了。当然必然也存在了平稳发挥的考生，能够在考试中调控自己的状态
57、论说文：根据下述材料，写一篇700字左右的论说文，题目自拟。
协和式飞机造型简洁优美，速度较快可达2倍音速，它的出现使得超音速旅行成为现实。作为世界上唯一的一种超音速客机，协和式客机曾经赢得了“时光倒流机”的美誉。并且它还曾拥有近乎完美的安全记录，这一切都使它享誉全球。然而，协和客机的这一荣誉在2000年的7月25日不再了。那天，一架协和式飞机在起飞后的120秒钟内发生了爆炸，113人死亡。从那一刻起，协和客机走向了它的下坡路。直至退出历史舞台。
速度为先，行稳致远
材料中对上个世纪喷气式客机最终因安全问题被淘汰出局的描述，集中反映了“速度”与安全之间的关系。在我看来，企业的发展速度固然重要，但是刚要注重风险管理和企业安全。
一方面，发展速度是企业的生命线。大数据时代的到来，意味着企业竞争愈加激烈，“天下武功，唯快不破”。只有保持速度效率，才能赢得生存的空间。另一方面，风险管控更为重要。管理领域涉及方方面面，“千里之堤，溃于蚁穴”。只有防微杜渐，未雨绸缪，才能行稳致远?
以国产无人机“大疆”企业为例，技术抢滩，日新月异，短短几年的时间就成为世界无人机企业的翘楚，体现出年轻企业的生命力和速度。再以海尔为例，作为中国老牌家电企业，之所以能稳居世界500强的地位，主要在于其稳健的企业文化，和“生于忧患死于安乐”的企业觉悟，把风控做到首位，才实现船大行稳。
反之，对于企业管理而言，或单方面强度速度，而忽略风险管理，则必会导致风险重重;或是过分强调稳定，漠视效率，则必然被时代所淘汰。究其原因在于：其一，只讲“安全”的企业，注定无法适应市场竞争的文化;其二，只讲“效率”的企业，忽略风险管理，终究无法打造百年基业。
以“诺基亚”为例，在企业发展的黄金期，平躺在昔日辉煌的功劳簿，淡化了市场的竞争意识，最终在手机市场败于后起之秀的诸多品牌。再如，乐视因忽略企业的风险管理，只顾跑马圈地、疯狂扩张，不能适应精细化、稳健化的企业管理潮流，终成扼腕叹息。
由此可见，企业发展的过程中，速度重要、安全更重要，唯有处理好两者的关系，才能基业长青。
综上是-2022考研管综199论说文题目及解析:速度为先,行稳致远，希望对管综考生有所指导!预祝2022考研旗开得胜!
'sinterior.
【译文】这些大陆板块的相对运动已被详细阐述出来，但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地被解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。
【析句】在这个用but连接的两个并列分句中，前一个分句主语的限定成分theplates带了一个现在分词短语，起修饰作用；后一个分句中注意谓语betranslatedinto意为“被解释为”，这里的another指的是anotherplates。介词withrespectto出现了两次，意思是“相对于……”。
【讲词】translate意为“翻译”，但它还可以表示“解释；调动；转换”。today'.（现今的低通货膨胀率和家庭收入的稳定增长转化成了更多
第一，总体而言考题难度相对不大，考题知识点为常规考点，如多选题75题考查非参数检验的一般认识类知识，83题综合题考查的卡方检验与一元线*回归的计算。虽然考题难度系数较低，但知识却需要考生理解识记，特别是计算的公式，要求考生多花时间掌握。
第二，注重知识点之间的联结考查，例如83题综合题，并非单考某一统计知识，而是考查了卡方检验的拟合度检验的运用、一元线*回归的计算以及相关量数和决定系数的关系。这就要求考生们不能死记某一知识点，要进一步深入理解和识别，灵活掌握。特别是知识点之间的联结，多花时间进行理解。
第三，本年考题中，统计未涉及简答题的考查，主要是83题综合题，这再次强调我们，对于统计知识点不能死记硬背，重在理解与运用。也提醒广大考生，多花时间进行统计的复习
焦点题很可能在2016年出现!结果，焦点题真的出现了，这就是第30题：
赵明与王洪都是某高校辩论协会成员，在为今年华语边辩论赛招募新队员问题上，;两人发生了争执。
赵明：我们一定要选拔喜爱辩论的人，因为一个人只有喜爱辩论，才能投入精力和时间研究辩论并参加辩论赛。
王洪：我们招募的不是辩论爱好者，而是能打硬仗的辩手，无论是谁，只要能在辩论赛中发挥应有的作用，他就是我们理想的人选。
以下哪项最可能是两人争论的焦点?
(a)招募的目标是从现实出发还是从理想出发。
(b)招募的目的是研究辩论规律还是培养实战能力。
(c)招募的目的是为了培养新人还是赢得比赛。
(d)招募的标准是对辩论的爱好还是辩论的能力。
(e)招募的目的是为了集体荣誉还是满足个人爱好。
跨考教育给出的解题思路：
焦点应该是双方都在谈论的而且观点截然相反的的问题。两人都没谈论现实或理想，所以a不对;两人都不涉及研究或培养的问题，所以b不对;两人显然都认同招募新人是要去赢得比赛，所以c不对;两人显然都不认同招募的目的是满足个人爱好，所以e不对;一个人认为，招募的应该就是喜爱辩论的，而另一个人则认为，招募的不应该是喜爱辩论的，应该是有能力的，所以正确*是d。
2016英语二的完形填空文章来源于《哈佛商业评论
优化组织结构有利于企业发展。一方面，优化组织结构可以获取更多收益。因为企业优化组织结构是基于目前的社会发展趋势而进行的，优化之后的企业很可能会具有更强的企业竞争力，从而获取更多的收益。另一方面，优化组织结构可以更好应对风险。一旦企业优化了组织结构，由于其能更好地适应市场发展趋势以及满足消费者需求，那么企业也就能用客户黏性来应对到来的风险。
【作文题目】
一个刚上车的小男孩让公交车等下他妈妈，过几分钟，妈妈还没到，车上乘客埋怨，这时残疾妈妈拖着腿上车了，所有人都沉默了，考生按照这个材料进行发挥。
要求：
1.结合材料的内容和含意，选准角度，明确立意;
2.自拟标题，自选文体(诗歌除外)，不少于800字;
3.不得套作，不得抄袭。
范文：
等待，是一种期盼;等待，如心中盛开了一朵雪莲花，在美好中静静地开放……
---题记
凡卡太累了，他怀着甜蜜的希望睡了。可是瘦弱的凡卡却忘记了收拾他偷用的笔和墨水。
入夜时分，老板回来了。他发现凡卡并没有在看店，还在睡觉，并且还偷用了他们家的墨水，很是生气，揪起小凡卡的耳朵就把他从睡梦中拖到了院子里，轮着楦头使劲打着他的胳膊，嘴里骂说着要打断凡卡的胳膊。虽然凡卡被揍得呲牙咧嘴，但这次他自己的心里还是美滋滋的，他想：那封信或许已经被那位醉醺醺的邮差带走了吧;这或许是我最后一次挨打了吧;亲爱的爷爷或许已经在路上了吧;苦日子就要熬到头了!凡卡这样想着，向天空望了望，爷爷的笑脸就浮现在眼前，好像正坐着马车缓缓地往莫斯科赶来……
小凡卡开始每天努力地工作，想让爷爷看看自己学到的成绩。他每天在心里祈祷;祈祷爷爷能早日收到他的信，祈祷爷爷能在来接他的路上平平安安!他开始每天幻想，只要一听到马蹄声就向店门的玻璃窗外张望，是邮差给他带来了一封爷爷的.回信，或是爷爷让邮差捎来了吃的和穿的，还是爷爷亲自来了……凡卡每次都看，可每次都没有，但他总会告诉自己：可能是路途太远，爷爷还没收到信呢，等过一阵子收到了，就来了。他依旧每天看，每天想……
有一次因为想得太入神，收拾东西时不小心打碎了一套茶具，老板和老板娘生气得不得了，把小凡卡拖到院子里棍棒相加。直打得他头昏脑胀，身上青一块紫一块，躺在那奄奄一息，几天之后他才将就着能站起来。
小凡卡再也等不及啦，心里开始抱怨爷爷，于是趁着老板午休的时候跑到邮筒那等着邮差的到来。邮差来后他向邮差大致地说了来意，却遭到了邮差的退信。他写的信地址不明确，不能送到目的地。小凡卡伤心极啦，他沮丧地拿着信走了回去。坐在鞋匠家的过道里，他绞尽脑汁，忽然想到了什么，于是从柜子里拿出那支笔和那瓶墨水，蘸蘸笔尖，把信封改成了：“乡下日发略维夫老爷家的守夜人康斯坦丁·玛卡里奇收”“凡卡”。他伸着小舌头满意的收起东西，便又把信投回了邮筒。
凡卡坐在过道里，想着爷爷‘真正’收到他写的信时的景象;想着爷爷什么时候把他带回乡下一起生活的景象，他，又甜甜地睡着了……
亚里士多德说：“城邦的本质在于多样性，而不在于一致性。……无论是家庭还是城邦，他们的内部都有着一定的一致性。不然的话，它们是不可能组建起来的。但这种一致性是有一定限度的。……同一种声音无法实现和谐，同一个音阶也无法组成旋律。城邦也是如此，它是一个多面体。人们只能通过教育使存在着各种差异的公民，统一起来组成一个共同体。”
形式划分：辩证关系类—AB统一型。
划分依据：材料探讨了多样性与一致性的关系。
划分依据：整个材料主要讲述了城邦的本质是什么，而城邦相当于一个国家，因此这个材料就需要分析社会治理到底是要多样性还是要一致性。
这个材料的理解是有相当难度的，因此必须认真读题。为了更好解读这个材料，考生需要把这个材料划分为4个部分。
1.城邦的本质在于多样性，而不在于一致性。
这一句话告诉我们，城邦最根本的东西是什么。也就是在多样性和一致性之间，多样性才最重要。这句话是整段材料的最终观点。
2.无论是家庭还是城邦，他们的内部都有着一定的一致性。不然的话，它们是不可能组建起来的。
这一部分又告诉我们，一致性对城邦是有着一定作用的。
3.但这种一致性是有一定限度的。……同一种声音无法实现和谐，同一个音阶也无法组成旋律。城邦也是如此，它是一个多面体。
这一部分告诉我们，一致性虽然重要，但是多样性更为重要。
4.人们只能通过教育使存在着各种差异的公民，统一起来组成一个共同体。
最后一句话，让很多同学认为这段材料是在强调教育的重要作用，因此就立意为教育方面去了。其实这最后一句话是在说明多样性和一致性是可以通过一定方法来达到统一的。也就是既讲一致性，又讲多样性。
1是观点，后面三部分都是来说明为什么的。
这段话的两个核心关键词是“多样性”和“一致性”。
立意：
立意的方向就要说明多样性和一致性是统一的，而且多样性才最重要。所以，可以立意为：保障一致性，发展多样性。
标题：保障一致性，发展多样性
第一段：概括材料+得出观点
第二段：一致性的重要性
第三段：多样性的重要性
第四段：只有一致性的弊端+只有多样性的弊端+二者统一
第五段：提出措施，使二者更好发挥作用
第六段：总结全文，重申主
一致性：①减少社会的不和谐因素；②保障社会的高效运转。
多样性：①满足人们的物质需求；②满足人们的精神需求。
二者结合的作用：既能保障社会的和谐稳定，又能让社会全方位发展。
措施段：①加强教育宣传；②加强法治社会的建设。
✅ 全文参考分析
考研英语二：MBA联考真题也值得参考
冲刺阶段，对于英语二真题的复习，同学们首先要熟悉英语二考试大纲，教育部的考试分析，这可以充分了解考试结构和试卷难度，试卷构成，以及命题的重点，以及官方解题指南，以及备考的策略。
英语二因为只有四年的真题，所以MBA，MPA，MPACC过去的联考真题就显得非常重要，这是英语二试卷的前身，考研英语二的大作文短文写作，就是来自的大作文，柱状图，如果去年的英语复习不注意MBA，MPA，MPACC过去的联考真题，那是很危险的，所以有些老师认为MBA，MPA，MPACC过去的联考真题非常简单，不值得强化训练，这也是犯了主观主义的'错误，所以通过20硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二的真题我们得出除了要重视英语二的四年考过真题，同样要注意的是重视MBA，MPA，MPACC过去的联考真题，这是历史总结的重点，请各位考研辅导教师和考生务必认真对待!
同时，英语二的真题更多对词汇的基础考查，通过做真题，在具体语境中记忆单词，基础一般甚至薄弱的同学建议全文翻译，不管英语知识运用，还是阅读理解，翻译，都要全篇翻译，在全篇翻译过程中更加理解长难句，和单词以及句子结构，这都是非常重要的，更加理解句子结构，和文章主要考察类型。此外还有认真研究选项，正确选项的基本特征，错误选项即干扰选项的主要特征，都要非常熟悉，这样到了考场会提高解题速度，提高答题准确率，这个工作一定做到位。这是完形，阅读以及翻译需要做的工作。
最后写作，要了解考试大纲，通过历年真题，认真从应用文写作和短文写作两个方面把握作文复习，应用文写作更多注意书信，如建议信，道歉信，申请信，投诉信，感谢信，求职信，辞职信，邀请信，慰问信，祝贺信等，还有通知告示等，短文写作在英语二重点把握图表作文，如柱状图，饼状图，表格，也要兼顾提纲作文，图画作文，跨考教育英语教研室栾劲鹏老师认为，作文复习建议全面复习，不能投机取巧，妄图通过押题和模板搞定，这都不会取得满意的分数，通过真题和优秀范文认真学习，背诵以及仿写，一定会取得满意的结果!近期在跨考教育举办英语作文在线批改活动，同学们可通过线上提交作文，通过老师的批改了解自己的真实水平以及漏洞。请各位考生时刻铭记，天道酬勤!
在最后的复习阶段，各位考生平衡自己学科复习，公共课和专业课有规划的复习，自习阶段按照考试时间规定复习各个科目，形成良好的生物复习钟，这对备考也是有积极作用，实力和方法在考研的全程备考中也是非常重要的，细节决定成败，请各位考生注意严谨，认真，全面!越往后政治的背诵，英语作文，以及背诵的学科尤为重要。
此外当复习压力过大，一定及时和同学，老师家长及时沟通，怀着良好的心态去备考!
这是通过这本复习参考书了解的英语二以及考研复习的基本思路和方法，祝福考生考研成功!
根据以下材料，写一篇700字左右的论说文，题目自拟。
中国现代著名哲学家熊十力先生在《十力语要》（卷一）中说：“吾国学人，总好追逐风气，一时之所尚，则群起而趋其途，如海上逐臭之夫，莫名所以，曾无刹那，风气或变，而逐臭者复如故。此等逐臭之习，有两大病：一、个人无牢固与永久不改职业，遇事无从深入，徒养成浮动性；二、大家共趋于世所矜尚之途，则其余千途万途，一切废弃，无人过问。此二大病，都是中国学人死症。”
形式划分：社会现象类—负面现象型。
划分依据：材料主要讲述了中国学人的追逐风气的不良习惯，所以属于负面现象型。
内容划分：学术真理类。
划分依据：材料主要讲述的就是学者不应有追逐风气的陋习，所以属于学术真理类。
对于社会现象类材料，我们可以立意为赞扬正面现象，贬低负面现象。材料已经给出了负面现象“追逐风气”，所以贬低负面现象就是“拒绝追逐风气”。由于材料没有正面现象，所以需要考生们自己构思出一个正面现象。而与负面现象“追逐风气”相对的是“坚持初心”，所以赞扬正面现象就可以是“坚持学术初心”。因此，就可以立意为“坚持学术初心，拒绝追逐风气”。
生物学家发现，雌孔雀往往选择尾巴大而艳丽的雄孔雀作为配偶，因为雄孔雀尾巴越大越艳丽，说明它越有生命活力，其后代的健康越能得到保证。但是，这种选择也产生了问题，孔雀的尾巴越艳丽，就越容易被天敌发现和猎获，其生存反而受到威胁。
形式划分：寓言故事类—故事型。
划分依据：讲述了雌孔雀做出选择所面临的两难困境。
内容划分：企业管理类。
划分依据：动物故事一般写企业管理类话题。
孔雀的故事，告诉了一个选择会有利有弊。如果考生就此立意：权衡利弊，慎重做出选择。那么这个立意就太普通，没有什么出彩的地方。
在面对跟动物和植物有关的材料时，考生应该尽量将其迁移到人和企业上来，特别是企业。因此我们将孔雀的故事类比到企业中，企业做出决策，既有不错的回报，但是却要面临一定的风险，这个时候会怎么做呢？是不去求回报吗？当然不是，而是尽量想办法规避这些风险，然后求得回报。因此这个材料的立意，就跟企业的思维方式有关了。
所以，最后可以立意为：追求收益时还需控制风险。
正面分析：①风险与收益并存；②控制风险可以减少损失。
反面分析：不控制风险会让企业因为风险而遭受重大损失。
困难性：①缺乏风险意识；②缺乏风险防范机制；③缺乏责任追究机制。
措施段：①具有风险意识；②建立风险防范机制；③建立责任追究制度。
【作文原题】
作文题目以路为话题，根据材料：世上本没有路，走的人多了，也就成了路;有时，走错路也是有意思的。如果没有走错路，就不会发现新的路;世上没有走不通的路，只有不敢走的人。这三句话自选角度写作文。
【优秀作文】
每个人的人生中都有一条属于自己的人生道路，我常听大人们讲各个人的人生道路是不一样的，可谓千差万别。其中有的.人一路顺风;有的人充满坎坷;有的人经过努力能克服重重困难，实现自己的理想;而有的人经过千辛万苦，却K不得其志，只有郁郁寡欢一生。
我的人生路才刚刚开始，虽然年龄还小，但就像多数人一样已经开始出现一些曲折，稍不注意就会走错一步。
就拿这见事来说吧!平时我的成绩中等偏上。转眼间升初中了，我的目标是内江六中，我对考上它信心十足。考试那天，天气晴朗，万里碧空飘着朵朵白云。我背着书包，兴致勃勃地来到考场。考试中，虽然有几道题我不会，但是我一点也不紧张，一直埋头做自己回做的题。考试结束后我看见有的同学愁眉苦脸;有的同学笑容满面。而我却不高兴也不悲伤。也许你会问为什么?让我来告诉你吧，我不高兴是因为我想起了自己有道应用题把数字写错了，还有一道列式计算图了改正液后好像忘记做了，你说这不可惜吗?我不悲伤的原因是既然自己已经错了，伤心也没有用啊，况且当时我还不能却定真实呢。
;过了不久，成绩下来了，我考了九十五分，虽然考上了，但没上免费的线。我并不是因为怕出这点钱，而是觉得自己并非只有这个水平。这个噩耗犹如一块大大的石头沉重的压在我的心上，又犹如闪电猛烈地劈在我的身上。霎时间，天空仿佛比从前更灰暗了，比从前更渺小了……虽然哭是没有用的，但我的眼泪还是情不自禁地掉了下来。豆大的泪珠顺着我的脸颊一滴一滴的向下落。虽然这样，但我始终还是必须要面对着个消息，要面对这个不争气的我!
我拖着沉重的步子向家里走去，真不知道怎么给爸爸妈妈说这件事。回到家我吞吞吐吐的把这个坏消息告诉了家人。虽然爸爸妈妈不高兴，但他们没打我，也没骂我，只是给我分析自己失败的原因，叫我吸取教训。
没多久，我打听到我的邻居姜纳上了免费的线，我很是惊讶。平时她的成绩比不上我，头脑也没我这么机灵，这次倒出乎意料。所以什么事都是说不定的。俗话说”失败乃成功之母。”我暗暗下了决心要努力学习，给家人给自己争口气，不辜负家人对我的期望。
这一步还只是人生中的一小步，还有改正的机会。但今后可没这么好了，好比妈妈说的”世上是没有后悔药卖的。”我一定要勤勤恳恳，踏踏实实，小心谨慎，学好本领，努力战胜各种困难和挫折，走好人生中的没一不，实现自己的人生梦想!
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as ”sculptors“ in today's use of the word.
On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.
The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed.
Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?
(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.
(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.
(C) Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.
(D)American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.
2. The word ”motifs“ in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) tools
(B) prints
(C) signatures
(D) designs
3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?
(A) European sculptors
(B) Carpenters
(C) Stone carves
(D) Cabinetmakers
4. The word ”others“ in line 6 refers to
(A) craftspeople
(B) decorations
(C) ornamentations
(D) shop signs
5. The word ”distinct“ in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) separate
(B) assembled
(C) notable
(D) inferior
6. The word ”rare“ in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) festive
(B) infrequent
(C) delightful
(D) unexpected
7. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?
(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.
(B) He was well known for his wood carvings
(C) He produced sculpture for churches.
(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.
8. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?
(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import
(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.
(C) Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.
(D) The materials found abroad were superior.
9. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?
(A) It was less time-consuming
(B) It was more dangerous.
(C) It was more expensive.
(D) It was less refined.
BDCAABABD
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