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Bacteria are etremely small living things. while we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. one micron is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. thus if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. an adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile( kilometer) tall.
Even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see bacteria. using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots. one cannot make out anything of their structure. using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy-looking _hairs_ called flagella. others have only one flagellum. the flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, while others can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism.
From the bacteria point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans. to a bacterium water is as thick as molasses is to us. bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. this is because they collide with the watery molecules and are pushed this way and that. molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacteria have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly eposed to a changing environment.
细菌是极其微小的生物。当我们用英寸或厘米来测量自己的大小时,细菌的大小是用微米来测量的。一微米是千分之一毫米:针头的直径约为一毫米。杆状细菌的长度通常为2-4微米,而圆形细菌的直径通常为1微米。因此,如果你把一个圆形细菌放大一千倍,它就只有针头那么大。一个成年人如果放大同样的大小,身高将超过一英里(公里)。
即使用普通显微镜,你也必须仔细观察才能看到细菌。使用100倍的'放大倍数,人们发现细菌几乎看不见微小的杆状或点状。人们无法辨认出它们的结构。使用特殊的污渍,可以看到一些细菌附着在它们身上,看起来像波浪状的“毛发”,称为鞭毛。其他的`只有一个鞭毛。鞭毛旋转,推动细菌穿过水面。许多细菌缺乏鞭毛,不能靠自己的力量四处移动,而另一些细菌可以通过一些鲜为人知的机制在表面滑翔。
从细菌的角度来看,世界与人类截然不同。水对细菌来说就像糖蜜对我们来说一样粘稠。细菌太小了,它们会受到周围化学分子运动的影响。显微镜下的细菌,即使是那些没有鞭毛的细菌,也经常在水中弹跳。这是因为它们与水分子碰撞,并被推来推去。分子移动如此之快,以至于在十分之一秒内,细菌周围的分子都被新的分子取代了;因此,即使没有鞭毛的细菌也会不断地适应不断变化的环境。
1、阅读:这是占分最重也是最拉分差的部分,所以大家最看重练的也最多。上面提到有人想花1小时45分钟也是出于这个考虑。个人觉得考场上时间安排1小时20分钟是上限,再多了一定会影响作文和翻译。
首先,做过几套真题后就能发现,考研阅读出题非常讲究主旨,哪怕是细节题,正确选项也一定是更靠近主旨的那一方,这就要求我们必须先通篇快速阅读,再依题目回原文定位找答案。这也是阅读的时间会长一些的原因。
但要注意,快速阅读的目的是把握主旨,所以不要慢慢读慢慢想,有个大概把握就行,时间不能超过3分钟。
其次,考研阅读是顺序出题,所以定位找不到的时候先做下一题再夹逼定位是个效率不错的方式。同时也注意,如果你定位发现不是顺序,那么需要怀疑一下是不是找错地方了。考研设置迷惑选项的常用方式就是两段中选两句话掐头去尾捏成一句。
再次,考研选项设置的迷惑性非常强,所以排除法比直接找正解更能保证正确率。具体排除哪些特征选项大家去自己分析黄皮书,我这里没办法一一列举。
2、新题型:这里重点说下排序的题目,一个我自创的不太容易纠结的办法,每次做的时候把所有可能的选项都填在这个空里面,慢慢往后做会发现哪个是更合适的,再擦掉多余选项。
例如第一个空明显是要讲什么原因的,那就把跟原因有关的选项都填上去,可能是A、D、G,到了后面几个空发现G是唯一可能的选项,那么第一个空的可能答案就只剩下A、D,再后面发现D与原文主旨不符合,那么答案一定是A。这样的正确率和时间都会有提高。
3、翻译:黄皮书有很多对翻译技巧的总结,总的来说就是一定要意译,直译一定没分。至于具体语法安排我觉得没必要在意,保证自己说出来的中文是人话就行,有的词翻译不出来都没关系,但是写出来的中文句子一定要通顺。多背单词多总结,翻译也拉分。
4、完型:因为分数少所以要快,所以只能依赖积累的语感。但其实好好做两套就会发现前后呼应的非常多,逻辑很重要,所以读两遍是至少的。有的人主张完型5分钟乱选,个人觉得考场上时间没有紧张到这个程度,尽量认真把能抓住的分数抓牢吧。
5、作文:首先,千万不要打草稿,或者草稿写提纲就行了,全文打草稿时间肯定不够。再就是整洁有时候比内容还拉分,我这回写的很顺所以通篇没有一个涂改,但句式和用词都极其简单,好几次都想改然后忍住了。看这个分数我想这个策略应该是用对了。
内容上中国老师改作文最喜欢的就是高大上,所以好好参考真题范文,总结自己的模板,多练多想,我觉得作文比阅读能提高的空间更大。
我用的是张剑给的范文,我看很多人推荐何凯文的作文书,但个人觉得句式太浅太呆,所以大家不要人云亦云,总结一套自己喜欢并且用的顺手的模板,考前多练两次,作文不会有问题。
模板:
Dear_____,
①I am ______(自我介绍). ②I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about.
③The reason for my dissatisfaction is _____(总体介绍). ④In the first place,______(抱怨的第一个方面). ⑤In addition, ______
(抱怨的第二个方面). ⑥Under these circumstances, I find it_____(感觉) to _____(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).
⑦I appreciate it very much if you could _____(提出建议和请求), preferably ______(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this
matter settled by _____(设定解决事情最后期限). ⑧Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,(your name)
示例:
Dear Sir:
With reference to our order No. W98, the 120 computer sets supplies to the above order were delivered the day before yesterday,
but we regret that 20 sets were badly damaged.
The packages containing the computer sets appeared to be in good condition and we accepted and signed for them without question.
We unpacked the computer sets with care and can only assume that damage must be due to careless handling at some stage prior to
packing.
We shall be glad if you will replace all 20 sets as soon as possible. Meanwhile, we have put the damaged computer sets aside in
case you need them to support a claim on your suppliers for compensation.
Yours sincerely, (your name)
来自:我是小小爱>《待分类》
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Introduce Myself
Good morning, teachers ! It’s really my great honor to be here for the interview.
My name is YangPeng, 24 years old. I come from GanSu. What is my plan during graduated study life, I would like to tell you that pursue law is one of my lifelong goal,I like my major accounting and I won’t give up,if I can pursue my master degree here I will combine law with my former education. I will work harder in these fields ,patent ,trademark, copyright. About my character?I cannot describe it well, but I know I am optimistic and confident. Sometimes I prefer to stay alone, reading, listening to music, but I am not lonely, I like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite pastime is singing songs, playing cards or surfing online. Through college life,I learn how to balance between study and entertainment. Generally, I’m a hardworking person with a strong sense of responsibility. I like challenges in my life and I would try my best to overcome the difficulties that I may encounter in future.
This is a brief introduction of myself. If there is any further detail you would like to know about me, please feel free to ask. Thank you for your time !
很多同学阅读过无数篇考研经验帖子,有些学姐学长告诉你考研英语作文套用模板就可以。但是大家在使用写作模板这个问题上是存在很大的误区的,经常出现这样那样的问题。
考研英语求职信
applying for the position of assistant for marketing project manager
directions:
you are a senior of english for business. a german company in china is recruiting an assistant to marketing project manager, which requires a good command of english and knowledge in german especially. write a letter of about 100 words applying for the position, introducing yourself and asking for an interview. you needn’t write the address. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, using “wang lin” instead。
dear sirs,
i am graduating from the shanghai institute of foreign trade this summer. as a student of english for business, i hope to work for a foreign company after graduation。
in the past three academic years, i have proved myself to be a straight student, awarded a succession of scholarships. my english is particularly good and german happens to be my second foreign language, which will live up to the requirements set by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise like yours。
i apply for the position of assistant to your marketing project manager. you will find me a good team player, self-motivated and eager to learn. i believe i can be of value to your company。
enclosed please find my resume
i should be very happy if you would arrange an interview with me
yours sincerely,
wang lin
英语是全国统考的三门公共课之一。考试时间安排在第一天的下午,时长为3个小时,满分100分。考研英语试卷由以下几部分组成:
1.完形填空(10分):共20个空,每空分。这种题每年的平均分不是很高,在多数考生看来有些鸡肋,食之无味又弃之可惜。
2.阅读理解(60分):采用4+1+1的形式,阅读A部分有4篇文章(每篇文章400词左右),每篇文章有5道题目,每题2分,共40分;阅读B部分又叫新题型(500词左右),有几种题型供选择,比如句子匹配题和段落匹配题以及小标题题型等;阅读C部分(10分)就是我们熟知的英译汉。
4.写作分为A部分和B部分(30分):其中A部分人称应用文或者小作文(约100词,满分10分);B部分人称大作文(200词上下,满分20分)通常是图画作文,英语二通常是图表作文。
这三个部分的题型很大程度上就是单词、长难句、阅读能力的延伸,只要前面基础打好了,这些题型稍做练习就足够了。另外,它们九月份以后准备就可以,可以分开错时练习这几个题型,至于具体安排到什么时候,完全看自己的复习情况。想必大家听过“完形很难,基本拿不到分“这种说法,事实上,除了英语一的翻译很难,这些题型都是性价比不错的题型,稍加练习就能拿到分数,因此,千万不要忽略这三个部分的题型!
Compared with the forty year old shabby dormitory I am living in now, the one I lived in for three years in high school was heaven: three students shared one brand new suite with air conditioners and a bathroom. In three years time we changed it thoroughly:the color of the floor turned from bright pink into muddy gray, and the closet a hive of insects proliferating among piles of rotten fruit.
And our masterpiece was the bathroom, a never drying swamp which served as the habitat of various kinds of mold, and even rodents, rats would occasionally take the trouble to pay us a visit, and.., all three of us felt like sobbing when we at last had to say good bye to our lovely filthy dormitory. Maybe it is because that the dormitory had changed us as well as wed changed it. The first lesson our dormitory taught us was to look after ourselves.
Frankly speaking, we were not good students at all. I still remember the underwear that was soaked in soapy water for one and a half years before it was finally thrown away. Almost each of the boys dormitories had gradually developed its own unique _fragrance_ usually a mixture of rotten fruit, unwashed socks, stunk towels and some junk food. We could tell one dormitory from another by sniffing instead of looking. Our tolerance towards untidiness was amazing. with and paper to sign on.
与我现在住的四十年破旧的宿舍相比,我高中时住了三年的宿舍简直是天堂:三个学生共用一间带空调和浴室的全新套房。三年后,我们彻底改变了它:地板的颜色从亮粉色变成了泥灰色,壁橱里有一大群昆虫在成堆的腐烂水果中繁殖。
我们的杰作是浴室,这是一片永不干涸的`沼泽,是各种霉菌的栖息地,甚至啮齿动物、老鼠偶尔也会不厌其烦地来拜访我们。当我们终于不得不告别我们那肮脏可爱的宿舍时,我们三个人都想哭了。也许是因为宿舍改变了我们,也改变了我们。宿舍教会我们的第一堂课是照顾好自己。
坦率地说,我们根本不是好学生。我还记得那件内衣在肥皂水中浸泡了一年半,最后才被扔掉。几乎每个男生宿舍都逐渐形成了自己独特的“香味”——通常是腐烂的水果、未洗的袜子、脏毛巾和一些垃圾食品的混合物。我们可以通过嗅而不是看来区分一个宿舍和另一个宿舍。我们对不整洁的容忍度是惊人的。使用和纸张进行签名。
In the pictures above are a father and her beloved son. In the left cartoon, smoking a cigarette and sitting in a sofa comfortably, the father is watching a football match on TV and shouting, “Son, study hard for me!” On the contrary, in the left portrayal, at 9 . , the father is studying together with his son, both totally absorbed in their books. The caption indicates, “Instead of merely making a request, setting an example.”
The purpose of the pictures is to show us that utmost significance should be attached to practicing what you preach. On the one hand, parents teach much more by their actions, than by their words. Some of them may say to their children, “don’t say nasty things about so and so”, and then the children will hear them criticize their friends and neighbors. On the other hand, parenting is such a crucial responsibility, yet there are no required courses to prepare one to undertake this role in life. The only learning is the example from one’s own parents.
To sum up, parents are the best teachers.
Obviously, if parents’ actions don’t conflict their own words, they would have the opportunity to be outstanding examples of their children. Just as an old saying goes, “Action speak louder than words.”
在上面的图片中是一个父亲和她心爱的儿子。在左边的卡通,抽着烟,舒适的坐在沙发上,父亲在电视上看一场足球赛,大喊一声:“儿子,给我努力学习!“相反,在左边的描述,在9点,父亲和他的儿子一起学习,完全沉浸在他们的书。标题所示,”而不是仅仅发出请求,树立榜样。”
图画的'目的是告诉我们,最大的意义应该练习你所说。一方面,父母教更多的行动,而不是他们的话。他们中的一些人可能会对他们的孩子说,“不要说坏话某某”,然后孩子们会听到他们批评他们的朋友和邻居。另一方面,父母是这样一个至关重要的责任,然而没有必修课程准备一个在生活中承担这个角色。唯一的学习例子从自己的父母。
总之,父母是最好的老师。
显然,如果父母自己行动不冲突的话,他们将有机会成为优秀孩子的例子。正如那句老话,“行动胜于言语”。
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